Lesson 4
Forming Adverbs
Adverb
(���������ɳ�) ��ǹ�ҡ�Դ�ҡ������ �ly �����¤� adjective ��˹�ҷ������¤ӡ����
���������������ªѴਹ��Ժ�ó���觢�� ��
Adjective Adverb
quick quickly ���ҧ�Ǵ����
careful carefully ���ҧ���Ѵ���ѧ
noisy noisily ���ҧ�֡�֡
Examples:
1. She is a quick worker. She works quickly.
2. He is a careful driver. He drives
carefully.
3. They are noisy children. They
play noisily.
Exercise:
Change the adjectives below to
�ly adverbs and use then to complete the sentences.
heavy thorough patient cautious
careful perfect bad
efficient easy quick
1. My holiday was too short. The
time passed very ��������.
2. According to the rule, the
cooking area needs to be cleaned ������.. every night before the restaurant
closes.
3. It is very important in any
organization that the people in positions of responsibility know how to manage
their time ����������..
4. I didn�t go out because it was
raining ����������...
5. I tried on the shoes and they
fitted me �������������.
6. He had little difficulty finding
a place to live. I found an apartment ��������..
7. Our team lost the game because we
played �������..
8. Tom drove ����������� along the
narrow road.
9. As a secretary, Ann works �����������.
10. He had to wait for a long time
but he didn�t complain. He waited ���������...
Answer Key
Change the adjectives below to
�ly adverbs and use then to complete the sentences.
heavy thorough patient cautious
careful perfect bad
efficient easy quick
11. My holiday was too short. The
time passed very quickly.
12. According to the rule, the
cooking area needs to be cleaned thoroughly every night before
the restaurant closes.
13. It is very important in any
organization that the people in positions of responsibility know how to manage
their time efficiently.
14. I didn�t go out because it was
raining heavily.
15. I tried on the shoes and they
fitted me perfectly.
16. He had little difficulty finding
a place to live. I found an apartment easily.
17. Our team lost the game because we
played badly.
18. Tom drove cautiously
along the narrow road.
19. As a secretary, Ann works efficiently.
20. He had to wait for a long time
but he didn�t complain. He waited patiently.
Prepositions By and With
Preposition (�ؾ��)
��ͤӷ�������������蹡Ѻ�ӹ��
�����ʴ���Ҥӷ�������ҧ˹���դ�������Ǣ�ͧ�Ѻ�ӹ��������ҧ�� ��
By ���ʴ��Ը�
���� by hand (�������������), by mistake (���ӤÑ�Դ)
, by accident (�ºѧ��Ô), by check (����)
Examples:
1.
I�m
sure that Mary threw the letter by accident. (�ºѧ��Ô)
2.
This
letter isn�t for me. It got delivered here by mistake. (���ӤÑ�Դ)
By���ʴ��Ըա���Թ�ҧ
���͡��������� ����
by telephone �·ҧ���Ѿ�� by land �·ҧ�� by car ��ö¹��
by letter �·ҧ������ by
sea �·ҧ���� by
train ��ö�
by
air �·ҧ�ҡ�� by
plane ������ͧ�Թ
Examples:
1. She came by bus.
2. Do you prefer to travel by
boat or by train?
By����ʴ��Ը��¡�õ������ gerund (v-ing) �դ����������
��¡�Ô
Examples:
1. Tom killed his time by
watching TV.
2. We take a short cut by walking
through this public park.
With���ʴ��ԸշӴ�������ͧ���������ǹ��ҧ�
�ͧ��ҧ��� �դ���������� ����”
Examples:
1. He wrote with a pencil.
2. Ann hit the table with her
knee.
With (����) ��� Without (���Ȩҡ)
Examples:
1. We�ll have to get it out with
a screwdriver.
2. We can�t get it out without a
screwdriver.
Exercise:
Complete each of the following
sentences with a phrase using by, with, or without with the word in
parentheses.
1. He opened the can ���������.
(knife)
2. He refused ���������.. his head.
(shake)
3. Bob often makes others understand
his English ��������. his hands. (use)
4. Please do not fill in this form ����������.
(pencil)
5. Did you pay ����������.. or in
cash? (check)
6. We hadn�t arranged to meet. We
met ����������.. (accident)
7. I didn�t put the sweater in the
washing machine. I washed it ��������.. (hand)
8. He decided not to go ���������..
(car) He went on his bike instead.
9. The carpenter couldn�t cut the
piece of wood ����������... (saw)
10. I keep in touch with my overseas
friends �����������... (mail)
Answer key
Complete each of the following
sentences with a phrase using by, with, or without with the word in
parentheses.
1. He opened the can with a
knife. (knife)
2. He refused by shaking
his head. (shake)
3. Bob often makes others understand
his English by using his hands. (use)
4. Please do not fill in this form with
a pencil. (pencil)
5. Did you pay by check
or in cash? (check)
6. We hadn�t arranged to meet. We
met by accident. (accident)
7. I didn�t put the sweater in the
washing machine. I washed it by hand. (hand)
8. He decided not to go by car.
(car) He went on his bike instead.
9. The carpenter couldn�t cut the
piece of wood without a saw. (saw)
10. I keep in touch with my overseas
friends by mail. (mail)
Past Modals
Could have
Could
have + ����Ҫ�ͧ��� 3 �դ���������� ����ö����觹���� (�ʹյ)
��������
Examples:
1. Tim could have studied
more for the test, but he didn�t.
2. Bruce could have flown to
Phuket, but he chose to take the train.
Could have, may have, might have
could
have
may
have +
����Ҫ�ͧ��� 3
might
have
������͵�ͧ����ʴ���äҴ����ʹյ
����ٴ�ٴ㹻Ѩ�غѹ �ٴ�֧�˵ء�ó��ʹյ����Ҩ�������ҧ���
�Ҩ�������ҧ��� �� might
have + ����Ҫ�ͧ��� 3 �դ������·���� 令���¡ѹ���ʴ������������ҡ����
Examples:
1. Dang may have missed the
train.
2. Tom might have lent you
the money if you asked him.
3. Ann could have felt sick.
4. John may/might not have
studied. (negative)
Should have, ought to have
should have
+
����Ҫ�ͧ��� 3
ought to have
�դ����������
��è����з��蹹�� (�ʹյ) �������ԧ������з�
shouldn�t have
+
����Ҫ�ͧ��� 3
Oughtn�t to have
�դ����������
����á�з��蹹�� (�ʹյ) �������ԧ���з�ŧ�����
Examples:
1. I ought to have gone to
sleep earlier.
2. I should have gone to
sleep earlier.
3. I oughtn�t to have spent
all the money on such a foolish thing. (negative)
4. I shouldn�t have spent all
the money on such a foolish thing. (negative)
Must have
Must
have + ����Ҫ�ͧ��� 3
�դ���������� ���ٴ�Ҵ�����ҡ�á�зӹ�鹤������Դ��� (�ʹյ) ����
Examples:
1. I haven�t seen John for a while.
He must have gone home.
2. The lights were on all night. Bob
must not have turned them off when he left the office.
Exercise:
Complete each of the following
sentences with an appropriate past modal.
1. What you heard was confidential.
You �������������������������� (tell) her.
2. You were stupid to try climbing
up there. You ������������������.. (kill) yourself.
3. I�ve lost one of my gloves. I �������������������..
(drop) it somewhere.
4. Bob ���������������� (go) to Army
Academy, but he went to Naval Academy.
Answer Key
Complete each of the following
sentences with an appropriate past modal.
1. What you heard was confidential.
You shouldn�t have told/oughtn�t to have told (tell) her.
2. You were stupid to try climbing
up there. You could/may/might have killed (kill) yourself.
3. I�ve lost one of my gloves. I must
have dropped (drop) it somewhere.
4. Bob could have gone
(go) to Army Academy, but he went to Naval Academy.
Vocabulary
accessory
(n) �ͧ�������
bring
about (v) ���˵�����Դ
content
(n) ������ ��觷���è�����
curvature
(n) ������ �����
file
(v) �Ѵ������ ���͡���
frame
(n) ��ͺ �ç
intense
(adj) �ع�ç
monitor
(n) ���͹����� ����ͧ�Ǻ���
(v) �Ǻ���
skeleton
(n) �ç��д١
slam
(v) �Դ���͡��ᷡ���ҧ�ç
spine
(n) ��д١�ѹ��ѧ
Exercise:
Choose the best word to complete the
sentence. You may have to make some changes in the form of the word.
1. He was sweating from the ������������heat.
2. Matthew �����������... on the
brakes because the driver of car ahead of him came to a sudden stop.
3. We need two teachers to �����������.
the students during the ECL Test.
4. He suffered from �������. of the ������..
5. She bought a pair of picture ��������..
at the art gallery.
6. Heavy rains in the Northern part
of Thailand �����������. flooding in Bangkok last year.
7. He bought a computer which was
equipped with several ��������...
8. I keep my monthly recipes in
alphabetical order and ������. them every month.
9. The ���������. of the article
should not be revealed to the public.
10. The ����������, the bones,
supports the human body.
Answer Key
1. He was sweating from the intense
heat.
2. Matthew slammed on
the brakes because the driver of car ahead of him came to a sudden stop.
3. We need two teachers to monitor
the students during the ECL Test.
4. He suffered from curvature
of the spine.
5. She bought a pair of picture frames
at the art gallery.
6. Heavy rains in the Northern part
of Thailand brought about flooding in Bangkok last year.
7. He bought a computer which was
equipped with several accessories.
8. I keep my monthly recipes in
alphabetical order and file them every month.
9. The content of the
article should not be revealed to the public.
10. The skeleton, the
bones, supports the human body.