Lesson 4

Forming Adverbs

          Adverb (���������ɳ�) ��ǹ�ҡ�Դ�ҡ������ �ly �����¤� adjective ��˹�ҷ������¤ӡ���� ���������������ªѴਹ��Ժ�ó���觢�� ��

                   Adjective                                             Adverb

                   quick                                                   quickly          ���ҧ�Ǵ����

                   careful                                                 carefully        ���ҧ���Ѵ���ѧ

                   noisy                                                   noisily           ���ҧ�֡�֡

Examples:

1.       She is a quick worker. She works quickly.

2.       He is a careful driver. He drives carefully.

3.       They are noisy children. They play noisily.

Exercise:

Change the adjectives below to �ly adverbs and use then to complete the sentences.

heavy            thorough        patient          cautious

careful           perfect          bad

efficient         easy              quick

1.       My holiday was too short. The time passed very ��������.

2.       According to the rule, the cooking area needs to be cleaned ������.. every night before the restaurant closes.

3.       It is very important in any organization that the people in positions of responsibility know how to manage their time ����������..

4.       I didn�t go out because it was raining ����������...

5.       I tried on the shoes and they fitted me �������������.

6.       He had little difficulty finding a place to live. I found an apartment ��������..

7.       Our team lost the game because we played �������..

8.       Tom drove ����������� along the narrow road.

9.       As a secretary, Ann works �����������.

10.   He had to wait for a long time but he didn�t complain. He waited ���������...

 

Answer Key

Change the adjectives below to �ly adverbs and use then to complete the sentences.

heavy            thorough        patient          cautious

careful           perfect          bad

efficient         easy              quick

11.   My holiday was too short. The time passed very quickly.

12.   According to the rule, the cooking area needs to be cleaned thoroughly every night before the restaurant closes.

13.   It is very important in any organization that the people in positions of responsibility know how to manage their time efficiently.

14.   I didn�t go out because it was raining heavily.

15.   I tried on the shoes and they fitted me perfectly.

16.   He had little difficulty finding a place to live. I found an apartment easily.

17.   Our team lost the game because we played badly.

18.   Tom drove cautiously along the narrow road.

19.   As a secretary, Ann works efficiently.

20.   He had to wait for a long time but he didn�t complain. He waited patiently.

 

Prepositions By and With

Preposition (�ؾ��) ��ͤӷ�������������蹡Ѻ�ӹ�� �����ʴ���Ҥӷ�������ҧ˹���դ�������Ǣ�ͧ�Ѻ�ӹ��������ҧ�� ��

By ���ʴ��Ը� ���� by hand (�������������), by mistake (���Ӥѭ�Դ) , by accident          (�ºѧ��ԭ), by check (����)

Examples:

1.       I�m sure that Mary threw the letter by accident. (�ºѧ��ԭ)

2.       This letter isn�t for me. It got delivered here by mistake. (���Ӥѭ�Դ)

By���ʴ��Ըա���Թ�ҧ ���͡��������� ����

          by telephone �·ҧ���Ѿ��  by land �·ҧ��      by car  ��ö¹��

          by letter �·ҧ������        by sea �·ҧ����     by train ��ö�

                                                by air �·ҧ�ҡ��     by plane ������ͧ�Թ

Examples:

1.       She came by bus.

2.       Do you prefer to travel by boat or by train?

By����ʴ��Ը��¡�õ������ gerund (v-ing) �դ���������� ��¡�Ô

          Examples:

1.       Tom killed his time by watching TV.

2.       We take a short cut by walking through this public park.

With���ʴ��ԸշӴ�������ͧ���������ǹ��ҧ� �ͧ��ҧ��� �դ���������� ����”

          Examples:

1.       He wrote with a pencil.

2.       Ann hit the table with her knee.

With (����) ��� Without (���Ȩҡ)

          Examples:

1.       We�ll have to get it out with a screwdriver.

2.       We can�t get it out without a screwdriver.

Exercise:

Complete each of the following sentences with a phrase using by, with, or without with the word in parentheses.

1.       He opened the can ���������. (knife)

2.       He refused ���������.. his head. (shake)

3.       Bob often makes others understand his English ��������. his hands. (use)

4.       Please do not fill in this form ����������. (pencil)

5.       Did you pay ����������.. or in cash? (check)

6.       We hadn�t arranged to meet. We met ����������.. (accident)

7.       I didn�t put the sweater in the washing machine. I washed it ��������.. (hand)

8.       He decided not to go ���������.. (car) He went on his bike instead.

9.       The carpenter couldn�t cut the piece of wood ����������... (saw)

10.   I keep in touch with my overseas friends �����������... (mail)

 

Answer key

Complete each of the following sentences with a phrase using by, with, or without with the word in parentheses.

1.       He opened the can with a knife. (knife)

2.       He refused by shaking his head. (shake)

3.       Bob often makes others understand his English by using his hands. (use)

4.       Please do not fill in this form with a pencil. (pencil)

5.       Did you pay by check or in cash? (check)

6.       We hadn�t arranged to meet. We met by accident. (accident)

7.       I didn�t put the sweater in the washing machine. I washed it by hand. (hand)

8.       He decided not to go by car. (car) He went on his bike instead.

9.       The carpenter couldn�t cut the piece of wood without a saw. (saw)

10.   I keep in touch with my overseas friends by mail. (mail)


 

Past Modals

Could have

          Could have + ����Ҫ�ͧ��� 3 �դ���������� ����ö����觹���� (�ʹյ) ��������

Examples:

1.       Tim could have studied more for the test, but he didn�t.

2.       Bruce could have flown to Phuket, but he chose to take the train.

Could have, may have, might have

          could have

          may have                + ����Ҫ�ͧ��� 3

          might have

������͵�ͧ����ʴ���äҴ����ʹյ ����ٴ�ٴ㹻Ѩ�غѹ �ٴ�֧�˵ء�ó��ʹյ����Ҩ�������ҧ��� �Ҩ�������ҧ��� �� might have + ����Ҫ�ͧ��� 3 �դ������·���� 令���¡ѹ���ʴ������������ҡ����

Examples:

1.       Dang may have missed the train.

2.       Tom might have lent you the money if you asked him.

3.       Ann could have felt sick.

4.       John may/might not have studied. (negative)

Should have, ought to have

should have

                             + ����Ҫ�ͧ��� 3

ought to have

�դ���������� ��è����з��蹹�� (�ʹյ) �������ԧ������з�

 

shouldn�t have

                             + ����Ҫ�ͧ��� 3

Oughtn�t to have

�դ���������� ����á�з��蹹�� (�ʹյ) �������ԧ���з�ŧ�����

Examples:

1.       I ought to have gone to sleep earlier.

2.       I should have gone to sleep earlier.

3.       I oughtn�t to have spent all the money on such a foolish thing. (negative)

4.       I shouldn�t have spent all the money on such a foolish thing. (negative)

Must have

          Must have + ����Ҫ�ͧ��� 3 

�դ���������� ���ٴ�Ҵ�����ҡ�á�зӹ�鹤������Դ��� (�ʹյ) ����

Examples:

1.       I haven�t seen John for a while. He must have gone home.

2.       The lights were on all night. Bob must not have turned them off when he left the office.

Exercise:

Complete each of the following sentences with an appropriate past modal.

1.       What you heard was confidential. You �������������������������� (tell) her.

2.       You were stupid to try climbing up there. You ������������������.. (kill) yourself.

3.       I�ve lost one of my gloves. I �������������������.. (drop) it somewhere.

4.       Bob ���������������� (go) to Army Academy, but he went to Naval Academy.

 

Answer Key

Complete each of the following sentences with an appropriate past modal.

1.       What you heard was confidential. You shouldn�t have told/oughtn�t to have told (tell) her.

2.       You were stupid to try climbing up there. You could/may/might have killed (kill) yourself.

3.       I�ve lost one of my gloves. I must have dropped (drop) it somewhere.

4.       Bob could have gone (go) to Army Academy, but he went to Naval Academy.

 

Vocabulary

          accessory (n)            �ͧ�������

          bring about (v)          ���˵�����Դ

          content (n)               ������ ��觷���è�����

          curvature (n)             ������ �����

          file (v)                     �Ѵ������ ���͡���

          frame (n)                 ��ͺ �ç

          intense (adj)             �ع�ç

          monitor (n)               ���͹����� ����ͧ�Ǻ���

                      (v)              �Ǻ���

          skeleton (n)              �ç��д١

          slam (v)                   �Դ���͡��ᷡ���ҧ�ç

          spine (n)                  ��д١�ѹ��ѧ

Exercise:

Choose the best word to complete the sentence. You may have to make some changes in the form of the word.

1.       He was sweating from the ������������heat.

2.       Matthew �����������... on the brakes because the driver of car ahead of him came to a sudden stop.

3.       We need two teachers to �����������. the students during the ECL Test.

4.       He suffered from �������. of the ������..

5.       She bought a pair of picture ��������.. at the art gallery.

6.       Heavy rains in the Northern part of Thailand �����������. flooding in Bangkok last year.

7.       He bought a computer which was equipped with several ��������...

8.       I keep my monthly recipes in alphabetical order and ������. them every month.

9.       The ���������. of the article should not be revealed to the public.

10.   The ����������, the bones, supports the human body.

 

Answer Key

1.       He was sweating from the intense heat.

2.       Matthew slammed on the brakes because the driver of car ahead of him came to a sudden stop.

3.       We need two teachers to monitor the students during the ECL Test.

4.       He suffered from curvature of the spine.

5.       She bought a pair of picture frames at the art gallery.

6.       Heavy rains in the Northern part of Thailand brought about flooding in Bangkok last year.

7.       He bought a computer which was equipped with several accessories.

8.       I keep my monthly recipes in alphabetical order and file them every month.

9.       The content of the article should not be revealed to the public.

10.   The skeleton, the bones, supports the human body.